industrialism

Economic Production
In chapter 1 was point out that early prehistoric man provide for the needs by expending labour directly upon the world nature. Later primitive man developed tools, forms of husbandry and handycraft practices and skills which he applied to nature in order to render bith his own labor and processes of Nature more productive. From that time on down to present,mans economic history has largely been a story of the expansion of his total equipment in tools, skills and techniques (that is, what has been called man’s technology).
THE FACTORS OF ECONOMICS PRODUCTION
The classical economists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries taught that economic production was a process of bringing three factors – land, labour, capital- together under business management, for the purpose of creating utilities (goods and services). This analysis was obviously an oversimplication of the process, but it was a useful form in which to present an important idea. Useful as it may have been, however, it obscured certain other ideas which were and are important in the study economic geography.
Land land as many of the early economist used the term,was practically another name for soil. Later economists, realizing the inadequacy of using the word land in that sence, attempted to expand the term to include site, soil fertility, and stored material below the surface. Still later, other student of economics expanded the meaning of the land include all of nature. Thus economics production same to be conceived as a process of bringing labor and capital to bear upon nature under bussines management. Substitusion of the term nature with connotation still yielded a relatively vauge and ill-defined concept. Moreover that concept remained vague until subjected to analysis from the geographical point of view.
Working on the same problem from a quite different angle. That geographer enventually arrived at the conclusion that land is only another name for area or space on the earth ‘s surface. That it’s real value he in the things which occur in that space.after careful geographycal examination it can be seen that the things which occur in any unit of area or space are natural forces , natural procecces, and natural resources. Land may be defined in gronomic (that is, economic geographic ) terms as space equipped with varying kinds and amounts of natural forces, processes and resources.
The natural forces include such things as magnetism, electricity, gravitation, isostasy, vulkanism, diastrophism, and molar, molecular, radiant, and atomic energy. The natural processes in clued erosion , convection, weathering, sedimentation, growth, decay, and many other cyclical and irregular happenings in nature. These forces and processes are very important aspects of the earths natural environment, but they are universal in their occurrence and unvarying enough to be regarded, for most practical purposes as constant. They may be said to be properties of land or areal space and therefore they are things which really characterize describe land but because they are universal and rougly invariable. They do not differentiate one piece of land from other pieces.
Quite a different matter are natural resources. They vary strikingly from place to place and from region to region. They are not universal in occurrence not are they constan or uniform in character. They vary so strikingly in occurrence and quality from place to place over the earths surface that they may be regarded as the properes which not only charachterize but differentiate.











The pastoral industries are much less primitive than the preceding three groups, for they rest upon centuries of human effort devoted to the domestication of what formerly were wild animals. Through ages of breeding and selection mans domestic animals have been greatly modified in temper and appearance from their original wild ancestors. Today the pastoral industries involve breeding, caring for, and protecting ……animals forms maintained on natural grassland and natural water supplies and in many instances on additional water supplies developed by man.
Perhaps the chief reason for this lack of knowledge rests on the highly complicated nature of the relationships involved in the productive process.














At least three fourths of all axpenditures for clothing are to satisfy desire for bright colors and adornment , to enhance sex appeal or to maintain social easte or prestige. Similarly two thirds or more of expenditures for housing , furniyure, furnishings, and “gadgets” are a matter of social prestige and standard of living. Most of our exspenditures for lighting are to facilitate reading, dressing, visiting and other nonbasic needs. All told, therefore from one half to nine tenths of the average americane income may be devoted to the satisfaction of cultural rather than natural wants.
In time of war , or accelerated national defense, from one tenth to more than one half of the average income may be devoted to so-cailed security. This expenditure is in addition to disbursements of income for police and fire protection , social security , life insurance, medical axspence and other forms of protection and security provision. To determine precisely the devision of income (and hence of human effort) between natural and cultural wants becomes, therefore, virtually impossible. The fact that a depressed negro or Mexican Indian family of five is able to live on less than a dollar per day in an environment where an ordinary white family of five considers $2000 per year to be the irreducible minimum suggests that a very large share of human effort is directed toward satisfying socially conditioned desires.
STANDARD OF LIVING
The total desire and demand for commodities and services and the proportional distribution of income for various items tend to crystallize into a pattern known as the standards of living as there are nations, tribes and social classes in the world . Such patterns tend to become so well established that individual consumers are unable to distinguish psychologically between necessaries and luxuries.
Standards of living differ enormously from place to place over the earth. On the one hand, the standards of the united states, Canada, Australia and new Zealand are the highest, followed by those of germany, Britain and the Scandinavian countries. On the other hand , those of india, china and japan are quite low and those of new guinea , part of interior Africa interior south America and the aryic fringe are extremely meager.
The nature and level of the standard of living among any people depend upon a number of both variable and fixed factor. Religion as in the cases of budhism, Shinthoism, and some of the assetic Christian order’s may reduce drastically the pattern of human demand. Cultural heritage social philosophy, group psicology, population density, attitude toward birth control and many other man – made factor also as determinant.